Development of Television in India and Television as a Medium of Education

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Name: Ranjan P. Velari

Class: M.A. Sem. 4

Paper No: 15 (Mass Communication & Media Studies)

Enrollment No: 14101032

Email Id: ranjanvelari@gmail.com

Topic: Development of Television in India and Television as a Medium of Education

Guidance: Parth Bhatt

Submitted to: Smt.S.B. Gardi

                         Department of English

                         Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Introduction of Television:

  How can we say that television is more important in our life? Can we imagine world without television. Radio, TV, Computer or any other tools through us get information. Television also includes so many programmes to children to adult. It’s not measure any age group. Entertainment, knowledge, news of whole world, education, politics, economics, these all things are included in this. So, without television we can’t imagine our world.

  Television in India is a huge industry which has thousands of programmes in many languages. The small screen has produced numerous celebrities, of whom, a few attain national fame, and go on to become members of the two houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. More than half of all Indian households own a television. As of 2012, the country has a collection of over 823 channels of which 184 are pay channels. 

 History of Television in India:

Ø Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. The television service was extended to Bombay and Amritsar in 1972. Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had a television service. Television services were separated from radio in 1976. National telecasts were introduced in 1982.

Ø In the same year, color TV was introduced in the Indian market. Indian small screen programming started off in the early 1980s. At that time there was only one national channel Doordarshan, which was government owned.

Ø The Ramayana and Mahabharata (both Indian spiritual & mythological stories) were the first major television series produced. By the late 1980s more and more people started to own television sets. Though there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and part regional. This channel was known as DD 2 later DD Metro. Both channels were broadcast terrestrially.

Ø PAS-1 and PAS-4 are satellites whose transponders help in the telecasting of DD programmes in half the regions of the world. An international channel called DD International was started in 1995 and it telecasts programmes for 19 hours a day to foreign countries-via PAS-4 to Europe, Asia and Africa, and via PAS-1 to North America.

Ø Television Programs:

Hum Log (1984)

Buniyaad (1986-87)

Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984) - comedy show

Mythological dramas: Ramayana (1987-88)

                                Mahabharata (1989-90)

Later on-

Bharat Ek Khoj

The Sword of Tipu Sultan

Chandrakanta

Hindi film based programs:

Chitrahar

Rangoli

Program related to children:

Vikram Betal

Malgudi Days

Television Channels and networks:

Ø The central government launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under Prime Minister Narasimha Rao. Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India. This process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal administrations.

Ø  Foreign channels like CNN, STAR TV and private domestic channels such as Zee TV, ETV and Sun TV started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1995, TV in India covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels.

Cable Television:

Ø As per the TAM Annual Universe Update – 2015, India now has over 167 million households with television sets, of which over 161 million have access to Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 84 million households which are DTH subscribers.

Ø Digital TV households have grown by 32% since 2013 due to migration from terrestrial and analog broadcasts. TV owning households have been growing at between 8-10%. Digital TV penetration is at 64% as of September 2014.

Ø The growth in digital broadcast has been due to the introduction of a multi-phase digitization policy by the Government of India. An ordinance was introduced by the Govt. of India regarding the mandatory digitization of the Cable Services.

Ø According to this amendment made in the section 9 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 1995, the I&B ministry is in the process of making Digital Addressable System mandatory. As per the policy, viewers would be able to access digital services only through a set top box (STB)^.It is also estimated that India now has over 823 TV channels covering all the main languages spoken in the nation.

Ø Star TV Network introduced five major television channels into the Indian broadcasting space that had so far been monopolized by the Indian government-owned Doordarshan:

            MTV

            Star Plus

            Star Movies

            BBC

            Prime Sports

            Star Chinese Channel

Ø Soon after, India saw the launch of Zee TV, the first privately owned Indian channel to broadcast over cable followed by Asia Television Network (ATN). A few years later CNN, Discovery Channel and National Geographic Channel made their foray into India.

Ø Throughout the 1990s, along with a multitude of Hindi -language channels, several regional and English language channels flourished all over India. By 2001, international channels HBO and History Channel started providing service.

Ø In 1999–2003, other international channels such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, VH1, Disney and Toon Disney entered the market. Starting in 2003, there has been an explosion of news channels in various languages; the most notable among them are NDTV, CNN IBN and Aaj Tak.

Ø  The most recent channels/networks in the Indian broadcasting industry include UTV Movies, UTV Bindass, Zoom, Colours, 9X and 9XM. There are several more new channels in the pipeline, including Leader TV.

      Conditional Access System:

Ø CAS or conditional access system is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a set-top box (STB). The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a set-top box to receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch only pay channels.

Ø It was decided by the government that CAS would be first introduced in the four metros. It has been in place in Chennai since September 2003, where until very recently it had managed to attract very few subscribers. It has been rolled out recently in the other three metros of Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

Ø As of April 2008 only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed the new technology. The rest watch only free-to-air channels. As mentioned above, the inhibiting factor from the viewer's perspective is the cost of the STB.

       Satellite Television:

Ø As of 2012, over 823 TV satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, News Corporation owned Star TV, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Sun Network and Asia net. 

Ø  Direct to Home service is provided by Airtel Digital TV, BIG TV owned by Reliance, DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Sun Direct DTH, Tata Sky and Videocon D2H. Dish TV was the first one to come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.

Tata Sky Dish India:

Ø These services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10.

Ø Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box.

Internet Protocol Television:

Ø IPTV a joint venture between MTNL and BSNL also in association with Aksh Optifiber a company that also provides FTTH and VoIP services available in some of the main cities in India such as Mumbai which has about 200 Television Channels on offer with Time Shift TV in a number of Basic and Premium Packages including Movies on Demand offered at various Basic, Premium and Pay Per View Rates and other services such as an Interactive Karaoke channel, The IPTV Operator uses the UT Star com Rolling Stream IPTV Solution as its end-to-end Delivery Platform.

Television as a Medium of Education:

Ø Educational television or Learning show is the use of television programs in the field of distance education. It may be in the form of individual television programs or dedicated specialty channels that are often associated with cable television in the United States as Public, educational, and government access (PEG) channel providers.

Ø There are also adult education programs for an older audience; many of these are instructional television or "telecourse" services that can be taken for college credit. Examples of these include Open University programs on BBC television in the UK.

Entertainment and Telenovelas: 

Ø Some television programs are designed with primarily educational purposes in mind, although they might rely heavily on entertainment to communicate their educational messages. In children's programming, edutainment becomes very fun and interesting for the child but can be very educational. Other television programs are designed to raise social awareness. One form of edutainment popular in Latin America is the educational telenovela. 

Conclusion:

So, in this way Television plays a vital role in our life. To educate to entertainment we use TV. It is wonderful medium to link between people and all around news. That’s why we can’t imagine world without Television.

 

Works Cited

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_television.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_India.

Theme of Colonialism in Reference to “Things Fall Apart”

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Name: Ranjan P. Velari

Class: M.A. Sem. 4

Paper No: 14 (The African Literature)

Enrollment No: 14101032

Email Id: ranjanvelari@gmail.com

Topic: Theme of Colonialism in Reference to “Things Fall Apart”

Guidance: Heenaba Zala

Submitted to: Smt.S.B. Gardi

                         Department of English

                         Maharajakrishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Theme of Colonialism in Reference to “Things Fall Apart”

Introduction of the Novel:

Things Fall Apart was first published in 1958.Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe portrays a stunning moment in African history- the imposition of colonial rule with sympathy and dignity, focusing on the complexity and integrity of pre-colonial Igbo life, and the turmoil resulting from British rule.

Chinua Achebe’s goals were modest when he began to conceive and write Things Fall Apart in the early 1950s:

‘I was quite certain that I was going to try my hand at writing, and one of the things that set me thinking was Joyce Cary’s novel set in Nigeria, Mister Johnson, which was praised so much, and it was clear to me that this was a most superficial picture… and so I thought if this was famous, then perhaps someone ought to try and look at this from the inside’ (African Writers Talking, 4).

 Achebe’s project of looking at Nigerian culture from the inside was going to move more slowly than he might have expected, however.

                                 

What is the meaning of Colonialism?

Colonialism is the establishment, exploitation, maintenance, acquisition, and expansion of colony in one territory by a political power from another territory. It is a set of unequal relationships between the colonial power and the colony and often between the colonists and the indigenous population.

How colonialism affected society?

Because of the British Raj so many people lost their identity, culture and heritage. From the very beginning African people suffers and struggled lot. That’s why they conditioned by such things and believed that they are inferior. But in this novel we can clearly see the real voice of Chinua Achebe. Sometimes it happens that native people habituated by white people and don’t think to their own way.

Reflection of Colonialism in Chinua Achebe:

Achebe grew up and came of age in the culture of colonialism. He was not only brought up in a Christian family, and thus identified with European culture; his early education was in Church schools where the influence of the Bible and biblical stories, Christian moral codes, and indeed modern civility were emphasized. In addition, Achebe’s secondary education at the prestigious government school at Umuahia could not but draw him even further into the culture of colonialism. Such schools were modeled after British public schools which meant that the values they promoted- in scholarship, sports, and conduct-were essentially English.

The connection between Achebe’s reading of the colonial novel and his decision to become a writer is fundamental to our understanding of the cultural function of Things Fall Apart: ‘I suddenly saw that these books had to be read in a different light. Reading Heart of Darkness, for instance… I realized that I was one of those savages jumping up and down on the beach. Once that kind of enlightenment comes to you, you realize that someone has to write a different story’.

Theme of Colonialism in Things Fall Apart:

Ø Central theme of the novel is colonialism. Through Okonkwo’s character we come to know about colonialism. Okonkwo’s cultural community and his own sense of moral order, when the institutions he had fought so hard to sustain collapse in the face of European colonialism.

Ø In retracing his rise and fall, we are also made aware of the collective dimension of his tragedy: Okonkwo may have failed because of his weaknesses as an individual, but his failure was inevitable because colonial rule had destabilized the values and institutions that sustained him.

Ø Indeed, there is a close relationship in the novel between Okonkwo’s individual crisis- of authority and power- and the crisis of his community, which increasingly finds its defining characteristics (including notions of wealth, marriage, worship, language, and history), undermined and transplanted by the new colonial order. These issues are so powerful in the novel that attentive readers will rarely miss them.

Ø Similarly, the period in which Achebe conceived and wrote Things Fall Apart was also a time of anxiety and crisis. By 1952 it had become apparent that the period of colonial rule in Nigeria was entering its final phase: after almost a hundred years of foreign domination, a period of which the culture of the country was entering a period of self-government.

Ø And because this historical shift was a sudden as the initial imposition of colonial rule, critical questions arose: What was to be the nature of the Nigerian nation after colonialism? What kind of persons had colonial culture created? What was the language of the desired postcolonial culture? And, ultimately, how was the history and destiny of this new community to be charted?

Ø The theme of the novel relies on how the battle of tradition versus modernization takes place in the form of the culture of Okonkwo’s clan and the teachings of the English colonizers. European colonialism is something which has totally destroyed the culture and traditions of the group of people which in turn into destroyed their identity. Colonialism is new knowledge on ‘true’ faith and eradicating unlawful customs, the nature of forcing the Christian faith and towards people who are reluctant to accept they can also be judged as an unlawful act.

Ø Although Things Fall Apart may appear to be exclusively concerned with the imposition of colonial rule and the traumatic encounter between African and Europe, it is also a work that seeks to address the crisis of culture generated by the collapse of colonial rule. Indeed, Achebe has constantly argued that the theme of colonial domination in Africa- its rise and influence- was made imperative in his works by his concern that the culture of colonialism had had such a strong hold on African peoples, especially on a psychological level, that its consequences could continue to haunt African society long after European colonizers had left the continent.

Ø In one of his most influential statements on the role of the novelist in Africa, Achebe observed that, although decolonization had changed the African cultural landscape, it was foolish to pretend that Africans had ‘fully recovered from the traumatic effects of our first confrontation with Europe’.

Ø Achebe went on to argue that his role as a writer was ‘to help my society regain belief in itself and put away the complexes of the years of denigration and self-abasement’. In a situation in which colonial rule had established its authority by inventing and insisting on the racial inferiority of the African, novels set in the past, such as Things Fall Apart, were retrospective attempts to understand the origins of the current crisis- ‘to look back and try and find out what went wrong, where the rain began to beat us’.

Ø Clearly, the crisis of the soul triggered by colonialism at the end of Things Fall Apart, when Okonkwo is forced to his death and his heroic life is reduced to a single paragraph in a racist European text, was very much an issue in 1958. However, unlike many other African writers of his generation, Achebe did not see colonial rule as something that could be transcended simply by an appeal to a heroic and African past. And where other writers could see the culture of colonialism as the antithesis of an African identity, Achebe was interested in discovering a redemptive moment in colonialism, asking himself, in his own words, ‘what possibility, what encouragement, there was in this episode of our history for the celebration of our own world, for the singing of the song of ourselves, in the din of an insistent world and song of others’.

How Things Fall Apart presented Colonial experience? 

        

Ø Achebe’s novel presents the colonial experience from an African perspective, but it does so without romanticizing the African past. Thus, one of the most enduring aspects of Things Fall Apart is Achebe’s ambiguous representation of the Igbo past as heroic but, at the same time, compromised by Okonkwo’s blind commitment to his culture and his obliviousness to alternative values and interpretations. This is the meaning of what is probably the definitive moment in the novel- the killing of Ikemefuna.

Ø Okonkwo strikes the fatal blow against his adopted son in the name of tradition and the moral order of his friend Obierika, although the oracle of the hills (the custodian of moral authority) had decreed that the boy must be killed, she had not ordered Okonkwo, the surrogate father, to carry out the sentence. This one disturbing episode encapsulates the very essence of Achebe’s philosophy, especially his concern with moral complexities and dualities. As he told Bill Moyers in a famous television interview, his values as a novelist are guided by a powerful Igbo proverb-‘Wherever something stands, something else will stand beside it’. Culture is, in other words, defined by ambivalence rather than unquestioned authority.

Ø If Things Fall Apart appears to be a novel that sets out to provide important moral lessons to its readers, it is because Achebe conceives the primary function- and power- of literature to be moral or ethical in nature. The power of the storyteller, says Achebe, lies in his or her ability to appeal to the mind and to reach beyond his or her particular circumstance and thus speak to different periods and generations; the good storyteller is not bound by narrow political or personal concerns or even by the demands of specific historical moments. Achebe’s sympathies then are not with the heroic character, but the witness and storyteller who refuse to endorse Okonkwo’s commitment to the central doctrines of his culture or the European colonizer’s arrogant use of power.

·       Conclusion:

Colonialism affected people and has managed to pull them apart in many directions that it even eventually destroyed relationships of families, friends and tribes. Narrative can mostly be seen as the life of a single member in an African tribe, but if we see it in bigger perspective the book presents collective situation and life of the African people at the same time wherein outside forces are trying to change the traditional practices of the people.

 Works Cited

Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Johannesburg, South Africa: William Heinemann, 1958.

http://criminology-articles.blogspot.in/2012/09/colonialism-in-things-fall-apart.html.

  

Duex ex Machina with reference to One Night @ The Call Center and Symbolic Significance of it

                               To Evaluate my assignment click here

Name: Ranjan P. Velari

Class: M.A. Sem. 4

Paper No: 13 (The New Literatures)

Enrollment No: 14101032

Email Id: ranjanvelari@gmail.com

Topic: Duex ex Machina with reference to One Night @ The Call Center and Symbolic Significance of it.

Guidance: Dr. Dilip Barad

Submitted to: Smt.S.B. Gardi     

                                Department of English

                               Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Duex ex Machina with reference to One Night @ The Call Center and Symbolic Significance of it.

Introduction of the Novel:

  One Night @ The Call Center is novel written by Chetan Bhagat in 2005. Genre of this novel is fiction. Protagonist of the novel is Shyam and Vroom. Shyam who narrates the whole story. First person narrator is Shyam and through his perspective story goes on and author’s perspective is also same. Major characters are Shyam, Vroom, Military Uncle, Esha, Radhika and Priyanka. They all are working in call center. Plot mover of the novel is Call from God. All characters are faces some kind of the problems and they once time meet with an accident.  Suddenly God comes and give answers of their solution. Here we can find that to living a life some kind of moral support is necessary.

   

Introduction of the Writer:

  Chetan Bhagat is an Indian author, columnist, screen writer, and speaker. Bhagat writes columns for popular English and Hindi Newspapers, including The Times of India and Dainik Bhaskar.

His Bestselling Novels:

§  Five Point Someone (2004)

§  One Night @ the Call Center (2005)

§  The Three Mistakes of My Life (2008)

§  2 States (2009)

§  Revolution 2020 (2011)

§  What Young India Wants (2012)

§  Half Girlfriend (2014)

Meaning of Duex ex Machina:

  Duex ex Machina it means “God from the machine”. The term has evolved to mean a ploy devise whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem is suddenly and abruptly resolved by the contrived and unexpected intervention of some new event, character, ability or object. Depending on how it is done, it can be intended to move the story forward when the writer has "painted himself into a corner" and sees no other way out, to surprise the audience, to bring the tale to a happy ending, or as a comedic device.

 Major Characters and their Problems:

  In this novel six characters are major, Military Uncle, Shyam, Vroom, Priyanka, Radhika and Esha. One invisible character is God and through his all the problems are solved. Every character has their own problems. All of them are working in a same different group in a call center. They all are different from each other but they have a similarity in them that all of them are fed up with their lives are very messy.  This story is about a night at the call center which changes the lives of all the people, not lives actually it changes their way of thinking. It changes their way to deal with the problems of their lives.

§  Shyam Mehra is the narrator of the story and is the main character of the story. He is very much confused in his life. He is a very simple boy. He loves Priyanka who has got engaged with Ganesh an NRI boy. He is sad because of it and second thing is that his boss has cheated him and Vroom.

§  Varun (Vroom) is a friend of Shyam and does not want to do the job but he wants to keep up his standard up so he has to work there.

§  Priyanka, her mother wants her to marry Ganesh next month but she does not want. She still feels something for Shyam. Later on Shyam tell her about the baldness of Ganesh who hide this from her.

§  Esha Singh or Eliza is an ambitious girl who wants to become a model. She runs away from house and join call center in order to fulfill her dreams. She does many compromises. But she is bluffed by a man who said her that she is not suitable for being a model. Her life represents the ambitious middle class youth who are running after blind race of materialism.

§  Radhika- call name is Regima Jones. She is married but not happy with her mother in law. She loves her husband a lot but when she comes to know that on a radio program he selects another girl over her at that time she gets very upset.

§  Military Uncle is the oldest person in call center but he is living a lonely life. His heart cries for his grandson but he gets more upset when his grandson asks him to stop mailing him.

§  In this way everyone in the call center is fed up with their life but one day at night everyone receives a call from God. God motivates everyone and tells the way to handle their problems. He tells them not to get frustrated by problems. He suggests them to face the problems and to do 100% of efforts. After receiving the call the life of everyone is changed. Everyone starts facing the problem with full of courage and finds out the best solution. Shyam finally gets his love. Priyanka also refuses to get marry to Ganesh who hide his baldness. Esha starts working for NGOs. Military Uncle also gets his family back at the end.   

§  When call of God comes at that time he said that there are four things a person needs for success. One is a medium amount of intelligence. Second is a bit of imagination third is confidence and the fourth ingredient is the most painful one. And it is something all of you still need to learn, and it is failure. To be really successful, you must face failure. You have to experience it, feel it, taste it, softer it. Only then can you shine.

Duex ex Machina in One Night @ the Call Center:

  Call from the God represents Duex ex Machina. Author puts this kind of matter because it is necessary for the story. But question arises when some people don’t believe in God that’s why writer puts another option for it. May be it happens that the voice from call is not God but it is the voice of Military Uncle. So, God used as some kind of medium and through it proper message conveyed and these all characters begins their new life with new thoughts. To convince reader some kind of object plays a vital role. Here also God used as a machine or tool to conveyed some kind of positive message. At the end all characters lived happy life with their attitude.

Symbolic Significance of Duex ex Machina:

  When no other ways to open the story at that time some magical or mysterious things are necessary. When earlier dramas happen at that time also some “Aakaskvani” happens and through it God give some kind of boon. Same story also we can see here that Chetan Bhagat puts and gives unimaginable turn to the novel. It is impossible that without battery mobile is working. Though it is working and they heard voice also. So, God is some kind of archetypal symbol who represents great figure for the story. When writer puts this kind of image of God then people believes are increases.

Conclusion:

  In this way the story of One Night at the Call Center is based on facts and fiction. The characters are taken from the real life. They represent the problem of middle class Indians. The story denotes the six different problems of six different people. Priyanka represent the girl in India who has to follow the decision of parents at the matter of marriage. God gives the solution to it and tells her to believe in herself. Military Uncle also represents old people who are ditched by the family and it is a common and a serious problem in society. At the end he also gets family back.

Works Cited

Bhagat, Chetan. One Night @ the Call Center. n.d.

Bhagat, Wikipedia of Chetan.

http://gyandaata.com/notes/english-literature/summary-of-one-night-at-call-centre/.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_ex_machina.