Name: Ranjan P. Velari
Class: M.A. Sem. 4
Paper No: 15 (Mass Communication & Media
Studies)
Enrollment No: 14101032
Email Id: ranjanvelari@gmail.com
Topic: Development of Television in India and
Television as a Medium of Education
Guidance: Parth Bhatt
Submitted to: Smt.S.B. Gardi
Department of English
Maharaja
Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
Introduction of Television:
How can we say that television is more important
in our life? Can we imagine world without television. Radio, TV, Computer or
any other tools through us get information. Television also includes so many
programmes to children to adult. It’s not measure any age group. Entertainment,
knowledge, news of whole world, education, politics, economics, these all
things are included in this. So, without television we can’t imagine our world.
Television
in India is a huge industry which has thousands of programmes in
many languages. The small screen has produced numerous celebrities, of whom, a
few attain national fame, and go on to become members of the two houses, Lok
Sabha and Rajya Sabha. More than half of all Indian households own a
television. As of 2012, the country has a collection of over 823 channels
of which 184 are pay channels.
History of Television in India:
Ø Terrestrial
television in India started with the experimental telecast starting
in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a
makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part
of All India Radio. The television service was extended to
Bombay and Amritsar in 1972. Up until 1975, only seven Indian
cities had a television service. Television services were separated from radio
in 1976. National telecasts were introduced in 1982.
Ø In the same year,
color TV was introduced in the Indian market. Indian small screen programming
started off in the early 1980s. At that time there was only one national
channel Doordarshan, which was government owned.
Ø The Ramayana
and Mahabharata (both Indian spiritual & mythological stories) were
the first major television series produced. By the late 1980s more and more
people started to own television sets. Though there was a single channel,
television programming had reached saturation. Hence the government opened up
another channel which had part national programming and part regional. This
channel was known as DD 2 later DD Metro. Both channels were broadcast
terrestrially.
Ø PAS-1 and PAS-4 are
satellites whose transponders help in the telecasting of DD programmes in half
the regions of the world. An international channel called DD International was
started in 1995 and it telecasts programmes for 19 hours a day to foreign
countries-via PAS-4 to Europe, Asia and Africa, and via PAS-1 to North America.
Ø Television
Programs:
Hum Log (1984)
Buniyaad (1986-87)
Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984) - comedy show
Mythological dramas: Ramayana (1987-88)
Mahabharata (1989-90)
Later on-
Bharat Ek Khoj
The Sword of Tipu Sultan
Chandrakanta
Hindi film based programs:
Chitrahar
Rangoli
Program related to children:
Vikram Betal
Malgudi Days
Television Channels and networks:
Ø The central
government launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under Prime
Minister Narasimha Rao. Under the new policies the government allowed
private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India. This
process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal
administrations.
Ø Foreign channels like CNN, STAR TV and
private domestic channels such as Zee TV, ETV and Sun TV started
satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1995,
TV in India covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of
more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels.
Cable Television:
Ø As per the TAM
Annual Universe Update – 2015, India now has over 167 million households
with television sets, of which over 161 million have access to Cable TV or
Satellite TV, including 84 million households which are DTH subscribers.
Ø Digital TV
households have grown by 32% since 2013 due to migration from terrestrial and
analog broadcasts. TV owning households have been growing at between 8-10%.
Digital TV penetration is at 64% as of September 2014.
Ø The growth in
digital broadcast has been due to the introduction of a multi-phase
digitization policy by the Government of India. An ordinance was introduced by
the Govt. of India regarding the mandatory digitization of the Cable Services.
Ø According to this
amendment made in the section 9 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation)
Amendment Ordinance, 1995, the I&B ministry is in the process of making
Digital Addressable System mandatory. As per the policy, viewers would be able
to access digital services only through a set top box (STB).It is also
estimated that India now has over 823 TV channels covering all the main
languages spoken in the nation.
Ø Star TV Network
introduced five major television channels into the Indian broadcasting space
that had so far been monopolized by the Indian government-owned Doordarshan:
MTV
Star Plus
Star Movies
BBC
Prime Sports
Star Chinese Channel
Ø Soon after, India
saw the launch of Zee TV, the first privately owned Indian channel to broadcast
over cable followed by Asia Television Network (ATN). A few years
later CNN, Discovery Channel and National Geographic
Channel made their foray into India.
Ø Throughout the
1990s, along with a multitude of Hindi -language channels, several
regional and English language channels flourished all over India. By 2001,
international channels HBO and History Channel started
providing service.
Ø In 1999–2003, other
international channels such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, VH1, Disney and
Toon Disney entered the market. Starting in 2003, there has been an explosion
of news channels in various languages; the most notable among them
are NDTV, CNN IBN and Aaj Tak.
Ø The most recent channels/networks in the
Indian broadcasting industry include UTV Movies, UTV Bindass, Zoom, Colours, 9X
and 9XM. There are several more new channels in the pipeline, including Leader
TV.
Conditional Access System:
Ø CAS or conditional
access system is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a set-top
box (STB). The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a
set-top box to receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch
only pay channels.
Ø It was decided by
the government that CAS would be first introduced in the four metros. It has
been in place in Chennai since September 2003, where until very recently it had
managed to attract very few subscribers. It has been rolled out recently in the
other three metros of Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.
Ø As of April
2008 only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed the new technology.
The rest watch only free-to-air channels. As mentioned above, the inhibiting
factor from the viewer's perspective is the cost of the STB.
Satellite Television:
Ø As of 2012, over
823 TV satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes
channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, News Corporation owned Star TV, Sony
owned Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Sun Network and Asia net.
Ø Direct to Home service is provided by Airtel
Digital TV, BIG TV owned by Reliance, DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Sun Direct
DTH, Tata Sky and Videocon D2H. Dish TV was the first one to come up
in Indian Market, others came only years later.
Tata Sky Dish India:
Ø These services are
provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as INSAT
4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites
such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10.
Ø Cable TV is through
cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a
small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that
free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top
box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box.
Internet Protocol Television:
Ø IPTV a joint
venture between MTNL and BSNL also in association with Aksh
Optifiber a company that also provides FTTH and VoIP services
available in some of the main cities in India such as Mumbai which has about
200 Television Channels on offer with Time Shift TV in a number of Basic
and Premium Packages including Movies on Demand offered at various Basic,
Premium and Pay Per View Rates and other services such as an Interactive
Karaoke channel, The IPTV Operator uses the UT Star com Rolling Stream
IPTV Solution as its end-to-end Delivery Platform.
Television as a Medium of Education:
Ø Educational television or Learning show is the use of television programs in
the field of distance education. It may be in the form of
individual television programs or dedicated specialty channels that are
often associated with cable television in the United States as Public,
educational, and government access (PEG) channel providers.
Ø There are
also adult education programs for an older audience; many of these
are instructional television or "telecourse" services that can
be taken for college credit. Examples of these include Open University programs
on BBC television in the UK.
Entertainment and Telenovelas:
Ø Some television
programs are designed with primarily educational purposes in mind, although
they might rely heavily on entertainment to communicate their educational
messages. In children's programming, edutainment becomes very fun and
interesting for the child but can be very educational. Other television
programs are designed to raise social awareness. One form of edutainment
popular in Latin America is the educational telenovela.
Conclusion:
So, in this way Television plays a
vital role in our life. To educate to entertainment we use TV. It is wonderful
medium to link between people and all around news. That’s why we can’t imagine
world without Television.
Works Cited
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_television.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_India.